However, the use of pesticides, fertilizers, water, and fuel for machinery heavily weigh on the farming stage’s environmental impact. The review results reflect the heterogeneity of the production process. The main scholarly literature databases have been exploited, highlighting a great increase in publications, especially from the producer countries. This review aimed to carry out an overview of recent papers (2011–2021) involving an LCA study in the olive oil supply chain by giving a framework of what is included in LCA studies and highlighting the main contributors to environmental impacts. The mitigation actions’ efficiency should be evaluated through environmental indicators or environmental impact assessment by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Each one of these stages should present critical points for the environmental impacts, and for this reason, the entire sector is adopting mitigation strategies to begin to be more sustainable.
The production process involves many stages: farming, extraction, packing, and waste treatment. Tested green mix design also provided sufficient strength for nonstructural applications.Olive oil is one of the most globally recognized high-value products, with 4 million hectares cultivated in the Mediterranean area. RWPs were found to be an environment-friendly replacement material for natural lightweight aggregates with an overall decrease in all CML-IA impacts except eutrophication.
LCA was coupled with mechanical tests at 7 days and 28 days. These scenarios were evaluated in terms of global warming potential, abiotic depletion, ozone layer depletion, terrestrial ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to compare a conventional LWC, containing pumice as natural aggregate and Portland cement as a binder, with green LWC, containing 30% RWP as pumice replacement and 20% FA as cement replacement.
This study presents the environmental impact of lightweight concrete (LWC) produced by replacing natural aggregates with recycled waste plastic (polyethylene) (RWP) and partially replacing Portland cement with Class F fly ash (FA).
Therefore, it is necessary to investigate by-products as an alternative to natural aggregates as well. Natural aggregates are the most used resources by volume in the construction sector. However, the considerable environmental impact still exists due to the consumption of natural resources as aggregates. Researchers put significant effort to decrease the environmental impact of concrete by using industrial by-products as an alternative binder.
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